$ apt-file search 文件名

示例：

$ apt-file search /sys/types.h
dietlibc-dev: /usr/include/diet/sys/types.h
elks-libc: /usr/lib/bcc/include/sys/types.h
frama-c-base: /usr/share/frama-c/libc/sys/types.h
libc6-dev: /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/types.h