IF NOT EXISTS (
SELECT
    *
FROM
    syscolumns
WHERE
    id = object_id('[dbo].[Table_Name]')
    AND  name = 'New_Column_Name')
EXEC sp_rename 'Table_Name.Old_Column_Name', 'New_Column_Name', 'COLUMN'
GO

参考资料

​​SQL Server: ALTER TABLE Statement​​​​Rename column SQL Server 2008​​