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[操作系统学习笔记]Operating System(一)

是波波呀 2022-10-27 阅读 125


@Author:Y4tacker

文章目录

  • ​​Operating System(一)​​
  • ​​Common Operating System Types​​
  • ​​Basic Elements(基本构成)​​
  • ​​Run Instruction(指令执行)​​
  • ​​interrupt(中断)​​
  • ​​Definition​​
  • ​​Interrupt Cycle​​
  • ​​Features of Interrupt​​
  • ​​Classes of in Interrrupt​​
  • ​​Why Interrupt in CS?​​
  • ​​Examples​​
  • ​​Multiprogramming​​
  • ​​Cache Memory​​

Operating System(一)

Common Operating System Types

  • Embedded Operating Systems
    Windows Embedded CE、 Windows Embedded Compact 7、Windwos 10 IoT
    μCLinux、 μC/OS-II、μC/OS -III、VxWorks、eCos、embOS、salvo
    Raspberry Pi OS
    WindRiver

Basic Elements(基本构成)

操作系统的组成 系统资源包括CPU、内存、输入输出设备以及存储在外存中的信息

[操作系统学习笔记]Operating System(一)_sed

Run Instruction(指令执行)

[操作系统学习笔记]Operating System(一)_sed_02

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interrupt(中断)

Definition

A mechanism by which other modules (I/O, memory) may interrupt the normal sequencing of the processor.

An I/O device can stop what the CPU is operating to provide some necessary service.

Interrupt Cycle

  • Processor checks for interrupts
  • If no interrupts fetch the next instruction for the current program
  • If an interrupt is pending, suspend execution of the current program, and execute the interrupt-handler routine

Features of Interrupt

Unpredictable (不可预测性/随机性)
can be disable (可屏蔽性)
Can be nested (可嵌套性)
….

Classes of in Interrrupt

Program

Generated by some condition that occurs as a result of an instruction execution, such as arithmetic overflow, division by zero, attempt to executean illegal machine instruction, and reference outside a user’s allowed memory space.

Timer

Generated by a timer within the processor.This allows the operating systemto perform certain functions on a regular basis.

I/O

Generated by an I/O controller, to signal normal completion of an operationor to signal a variety of error conditions.

Hardware failure

Generated by a failure, such as power failure or memory parity error.

Why Interrupt in CS?

答案有很多只是我目前才刚开始新的学习阶段,只清楚下面这个

Most I/O devices are slower than the processor

Examples

Without interrupting.

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Now, let add Interrupt into this example. So that CPU can process other instructions, while printer can do its printing jobs and when the printer finished, it interrupts CPU.

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[操作系统学习笔记]Operating System(一)_linux_09

Multiprogramming

  • Processor has more than one program to execute
  • The sequence the programs are executed depend on their relative priority and whether they are waiting for I/O
  • After an interrupt handler completes, control may not return to the program that was executing at the time of the interrupt
  • More detail later…

Cache Memory

  • Its relationship with OS
  • It is a piece of hardware, which is invisible to OS
  • But, many of the principles used in Cache are similar to those of MM, which is a core modules of OS
  • Instruction Cycle and Memory Access
  • Processor speed is faster than memory speed
  • Increase the speed of memory
  • Exploit the principle of locality
  • Add something Between CPU and Memroy
  • [操作系统学习笔记]Operating System(一)_ide_10

  • Cache Principles
  • Contains a copy of a portion of main memory
  • Processor first checks cache
  • (Hit) If found, just use it. And do not need access to the memory
  • (Miss) If not found in cache, the block of memory containing the needed information is moved to the cache and delivered to the processor
  • Cache size
  • Small caches have a significant impact on performance
  • Block size
  • The unit of data exchanged between cache and main memory
  • Larger block size more hits until probability of using newly fetched data becomes less than the probability of reusing data that have to be moved out of cache
  • Mapping function
  • Determines which cache location the block will occupy
  • Replacement algorithm
  • Determines which block to replace
  • Least-Recently-Used (LRU) algorithm
  • Write policy
  • When the memory write operation takes place
  • Two Methods
  1. Can occur every time block is updated
  2. Can occur only when block is replaced
  • Minimizes memory write operations
  • Leaves main memory in an obsolete(过时) state


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