RPM是RPM（Redhat） Package Manager（RPM软件包管理器）的缩写，虽然有red hat的标志，但是其原始设计理念是开放式的，现在OpenLinux ，Suse ，Turbo Linux等Linux版本都有采用，可以算是行业公认标准了。
一、rpm软件包的管理
1、rpm包的获取方式
1·Centos系统镜像光盘
2·网站rpmfind.net
3·安装mysql、nginx软件，可以去他们的官方网站下载
4·Centos yum源中
2、rpm包格式说明
注：结尾有noarch代表此包在32位，64位上都可以运行，这种类型的包通常是文本文件。
结尾有i686代表只可以在32位系统上运行
结尾有X86_64代表在64位系统上运行，64位系统可以兼容32位系统的包
查看内核版本
[root@localhost Packages]# uname -r
3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64
3、安装rpm软件
rpm工具使用分为安装、查询、验证、更新、删除等操作
命令格式：rpm [参数] 软件包
参数：
-i 是istall的意思，安装软件包
-v 显示附加信息，显示更多详细信息
-V 效验，对已安装的软件进行效验
-h --hash ，安装时输出#########标记
rpm使用时，什么时候使用软件包全名，什么时候使用软件包名？
全名：在安装和更新升级的时候使用
包名：对已经安装过的软件包进行使用，如查找已经安装的包，卸载包。rpm包安装后通常会保存在本地/var/lib/rpm目录下
4、rpm查询功能
命令格式：rpm -q（query） 跟上参数
-a（all）查询所有已安装的软件包
-i 显示已安装的软件包信息
-l （list）查询软件包中文件安装的位置
-p 查询未安装软件包的信息，后面要加软件的命名
-f 查询系统文件属于哪个软件包，反向查询
-R 查询软件包的依赖关系
-V 查询安装的软件是否被修改过
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q lrzsz #查询已安装的软件包，已安装会显示
lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa | grep lrz #查询所有已安装包中含有lrz的包
lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qf /usr/bin/find #查询find命令是哪个软件包安装的
findutils-4.5.11-5.el7.x86_64
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qi lrzsz #显示lrzsz的详细信息
Name : lrzsz
Version : 0.12.20
Release : 36.el7
Architecture: x86_64
Install Date: Wed 31 Aug 2022 10:24:20 AM EDT
Group : Applications/Communications
Size : 184846
License : GPLv2+
Signature : RSA/SHA256, Thu 03 Jul 2014 11:35:32 PM EDT, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5
Source RPM : lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.src.rpm
Build Date : Mon 09 Jun 2014 07:29:11 PM EDT
Build Host : worker1.bsys.centos.org
Relocations : (not relocatable)
Packager : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org>
Vendor : CentOS
URL : http://www.ohse.de/uwe/software/lrzsz.html
Summary : The lrz and lsz modem communications programs
Description :
Lrzsz (consisting of lrz and lsz) is a cosmetically modified
zmodem/ymodem/xmodem package built from the public-domain version of
the rzsz package. Lrzsz was created to provide a working GNU
copylefted Zmodem solution for Linux systems.
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ql lrzsz #查询lrzsz包中文件所在的位置
/usr/bin/rb
/usr/bin/rx
/usr/bin/rz
/usr/bin/sb
/usr/bin/sx
/usr/bin/sz
/usr/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/lrzsz.mo
/usr/share/man/man1/rz.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/sz.1.gz
[root@localhost ~]# ls /mnt/Packages/php-mysql-5.4.16-42.el7.x86_64.rpm /mnt/Packages/php-mysql-5.4.16-42.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -pql /mnt/Packages/php-mysql-5.4.16-42.el7.x86_64.rpm
/etc/php.d/mysql.ini #查询php-mysql包安装后会生成的文件，此命令需要完全
/etc/php.d/mysqli.ini 的包名，可以先用ls命令查看
/etc/php.d/pdo_mysql.ini
/usr/lib64/php/modules/mysql.so
/usr/lib64/php/modules/mysqli.so
/usr/lib64/php/modules/pdo_mysql.so
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -Vf `which find` #查询find命令是否被人修改过。` `反引号代表把反引
[root@localhost ~]# 中命令的执行结果给上一个命令执行。
#命令执行后没有回显表示命令没有被修改，反之
被修改过。
5、rpm的卸载
命令格式：rpm -e（erase） 包名
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q lrzsz #查询已安装的包
lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -e lrzsz #卸载
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q lrzsz #再次查询显示未安装
package lrzsz is not installed
[root@localhost ~]#
二、YUM的使用
yum（全称位Yellow dog Updater Modified）是一个前端软件包管理器。基于RPM包管理，能够从指定的服务器自动下载RPM包并安装，可以自动处理依赖关系，并且一次安装所有依赖的包，无须繁琐的一次次的下载，安装。
YUM：解决依赖关系问题，自动下载软件包，基于C/S架构
C：client（客户端） S：ftp/http/file（服务端）
1、配置本地yum源
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sr0 /mnt #将光盘镜像挂载到/mnt目录下
mount: /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only
[root@localhost ~]# ls /mnt #查看光盘内容
CentOS_BuildTag GPL LiveOS RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
EFI images Packages RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-7
EULA isolinux repodata TRANS.TBL
[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d #进入yum源固定目录
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls
CentOS-Base.repo CentOS-fasttrack.repo CentOS-Vault.repo
CentOS-CR.repo CentOS-Media.repo
CentOS-Debuginfo.repo CentOS-Sources.repo
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# mkdir back #创建一个back目录存放其他yum源
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# mv ./*.repo ./back #将其他yum源移到back目录
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls
back
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# vim back.repo #创建一个本地yum源的配置文件
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum clean all #清除缓存
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Cleaning repos: back
Cleaning up everything
Maybe you want: rm -rf /var/cache/yum, to also free up space taken by orphaned data from disabled or removed repos
Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum makecache #重新建立元数据
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
back | 3.6 kB 00:00
(1/4): back/group_gz | 156 kB 00:00
(2/4): back/filelists_db | 3.1 MB 00:00
(3/4): back/primary_db | 3.1 MB 00:00
(4/4): back/other_db | 1.2 MB 00:00
Determining fastest mirrors
Metadata Cache Created
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum install httpd -y #验证本地yum源
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-67.el7.centos will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: httpd-tools = 2.4.6-67.el7.centos for package: httpd-2.4.6-67.el7.centos.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: /etc/mime.types for package: httpd-2.4.6-67.el7.centos.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libaprutil-1.so.0()(64bit) for package: httpd-2.4.6-67.el7.centos.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libapr-1.so.0()(64bit) for package: httpd-2.4.6-67.el7.centos.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package apr.x86_64 0:1.4.8-3.el7 will be installed
---> Package apr-util.x86_64 0:1.5.2-6.el7 will be installed
---> Package httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.4.6-67.el7.centos will be installed
---> Package mailcap.noarch 0:2.1.41-2.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
========================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository
Size
========================================================================
Installing:
httpd x86_64 2.4.6-67.el7.centos back 2.7 M
Installing for dependencies:
apr x86_64 1.4.8-3.el7 back 103 k
apr-util x86_64 1.5.2-6.el7 back 92 k
httpd-tools x86_64 2.4.6-67.el7.centos back 87 k
mailcap noarch 2.1.41-2.el7 back 31 k
Transaction Summary
========================================================================
Install 1 Package (+4 Dependent packages)
Total download size: 3.0 M
Installed size: 10 M
Downloading packages:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 14 MB/s | 3.0 MB 00:00
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Installing : apr-1.4.8-3.el7.x86_64 1/5
Installing : apr-util-1.5.2-6.el7.x86_64 2/5
Installing : httpd-tools-2.4.6-67.el7.centos.x86_64 3/5
Installing : mailcap-2.1.41-2.el7.noarch 4/5
Installing : httpd-2.4.6-67.el7.centos.x86_64 5/5
Verifying : httpd-2.4.6-67.el7.centos.x86_64 1/5
Verifying : mailcap-2.1.41-2.el7.noarch 2/5
Verifying : apr-1.4.8-3.el7.x86_64 3/5
Verifying : httpd-tools-2.4.6-67.el7.centos.x86_64 4/5
Verifying : apr-util-1.5.2-6.el7.x86_64 5/5
Installed:
httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-67.el7.centos
Dependency Installed:
apr.x86_64 0:1.4.8-3.el7
apr-util.x86_64 0:1.5.2-6.el7
httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.4.6-67.el7.centos
mailcap.noarch 0:2.1.41-2.el7
Complete!
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]#
注：如果本地yum源配置文件gpgcheck=1，需要导入rpm公钥，方便校验包。校验一下可以提高安全性。
[back]
name=back
baseurl=file：///mnt
gpgcheck=1
enabled=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
rpm --import #导入公钥
2、网络yum源
例1：使用阿里云centos7yum源
[root@localhost back]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-7.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo
--2022-09-26 07:20:26-- http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo #wget -O（wget下载工具 ，-O指定保存位置）
Resolving mirrors.aliyun.com (mirrors.aliyun.com)... 58.216.14.243, 180.101.198.243, 180.101.198.242, ...
Connecting to mirrors.aliyun.com (mirrors.aliyun.com)|58.216.14.243|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 2523 (2.5K) [application/octet-stream]
Saving to: ‘/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-7.repo’
100%[==============================>] 2,523 --.-K/s in 0s
2022-09-26 07:20:26 (597 MB/s) - ‘/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-7.repo’ saved [2523/2523]
[root@localhost back]# cd ../
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls
back back.repo CentOS-7.repo net-7.repo
例2：安装Centos epel扩展yum源
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum install epel-release -y
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.aliyun.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package epel-release.noarch 0:7-11 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
==============================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
==============================================================================
Installing:
epel-release noarch 7-11 extras 15 k
Transaction Summary
==============================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 15 k
Installed size: 24 k
Downloading packages:
warning: /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/extras/packages/epel-release-7-11.noarch.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY
Public key for epel-release-7-11.noarch.rpm is not installed
epel-release-7-11.noarch.rpm | 15 kB 00:05
Retrieving key from http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
Importing GPG key 0xF4A80EB5:
Userid : "CentOS-7 Key (CentOS 7 Official Signing Key) <security@centos.org>"
Fingerprint: 6341 ab27 53d7 8a78 a7c2 7bb1 24c6 a8a7 f4a8 0eb5
From : http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Installing : epel-release-7-11.noarch 1/1
Verifying : epel-release-7-11.noarch 1/1
Installed:
epel-release.noarch 0:7-11
Complete!
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls
back back.repo CentOS-7.repo epel.repo epel-testing.repo
3、YUM的使用
[root@localhost ~]# yum install httpd -y #安装软件包 -y直接安装
[root@localhost ~]# yum update #升级软件包，改变软件设置和系统设置，系统版本内核都升级。
[root@localhost ~]# yum upgrade #升级软件包，不改变软件设置和系统设置，系统版本升级，
内核不改变。
[root@localhost ~]# yum info httpd #查看包的基本信息
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y remove #卸载软件包 -y直接卸载
[root@localhost ~]# yum search httpd #查找包括httpd字符的软件包
yum源报错：
1·确定光盘是否连接，光盘是否挂载
2·配置文件中格式是否正确，字母，符号有没有少写，挂载点和配置文件中设置的是否一致
3·网络源需要联网
三、tar源码包安装
源码安装nginx
1、编译环境：gcc 和 gcc-c++编译器，make
2、准备软件：nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz
安装nginx源码编译需要的依赖包
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ make zlib-devel pcre pcre-devel openssl-devel
#gcc gcc++（编译器） make命令 pcre包作用是让nginx支持正则表达式，地址重写rewrite
3、开始安装：
源码编译三部曲：./configure , make , make install
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg Downloads nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz Templates
Desktop initial-setup-ks.cfg Pictures Videos
Documents Music Public
[root@localhost ~]# tar -zxvf nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz
[root@localhost ~]# cd nginx-1.18.0/
[root@localhost nginx-1.18.0]# ls
auto CHANGES.ru configure html man src
CHANGES conf contrib LICENSE README
[root@localhost nginx-1.18.0]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx
[root@localhost nginx-1.18.0]# make
[root@localhost nginx-1.18.0]# make install
#./configure
1.--prefix=// 指定安装路径
2.--with-pcre 和其他软件关联
3.检测安装环境
4.--enable 启用或禁用某项功能
最后生成Makefile
#make 把源代码文件编译成可执行的二进制文件
#make install 把二进制文件安装进硬盘
4、删除源码包：
安装完删除源码包，因为之前安装时指定了安装路径，所以删除时直接对指定的/usr/local/nginx进行操作就可以了。
