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索引优化:索引失效

  • 数据准备

# 创建数据库
CREATE DATABASE atguigudb2;

USE atguigudb2;

# 创建表
CREATE TABLE `class` (
`id` INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`className` VARCHAR(30) DEFAULT NULL,
`address` VARCHAR(40) DEFAULT NULL,
`monitor` INT NULL ,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=INNODB AUTO_INCREMENT=1 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

# 创建表
CREATE TABLE `student` (
`id` INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`stuno` INT NOT NULL ,
`name` VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT NULL,
`age` INT(3) DEFAULT NULL,
`classId` INT(11) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
#CONSTRAINT `fk_class_id` FOREIGN KEY (`classId`) REFERENCES `t_class` (`id`)
) ENGINE=INNODB AUTO_INCREMENT=1 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

# 允许创建存储函数
SET GLOBAL log_bin_trust_function_creators=1;

# 创建存储函数,随机产生字符串
DELIMITER //
CREATE FUNCTION rand_string(n INT) RETURNS VARCHAR(255)
BEGIN
DECLARE chars_str VARCHAR(100) DEFAULT 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFJHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ';
DECLARE return_str VARCHAR(255) DEFAULT '';
DECLARE i INT DEFAULT 0;
WHILE i < n DO
SET return_str =CONCAT(return_str,SUBSTRING(chars_str,FLOOR(1+RAND()*52),1));
SET i = i + 1;
END WHILE;
RETURN return_str;
END //
DELIMITER ;

# 创建存储函数,用于随机产生多少到多少的编号
DELIMITER //
CREATE FUNCTION rand_num (from_num INT ,to_num INT) RETURNS INT(11)
BEGIN
DECLARE i INT DEFAULT 0;
SET i = FLOOR(from_num +RAND()*(to_num - from_num+1)) ;
RETURN i;
END //
DELIMITER ;

# 创建往stu表中插入数据的存储过程
DELIMITER //
CREATE PROCEDURE insert_stu( START INT , max_num INT )
BEGIN
DECLARE i INT DEFAULT 0;
SET autocommit = 0; #设置手动提交事务
REPEAT #循环
SET i = i + 1; #赋值
INSERT INTO student (stuno, NAME ,age ,classId ) VALUES ((START+i),rand_string(6),rand_num(1,50),rand_num(1,1000));
UNTIL i = max_num
END REPEAT;
COMMIT; #提交事务
END //
DELIMITER ;

# 创建存储过程,往class表添加随机数据
DELIMITER //
CREATE PROCEDURE `insert_class`( max_num INT )
BEGIN
DECLARE i INT DEFAULT 0;
SET autocommit = 0;
REPEAT
SET i = i + 1;
INSERT INTO class ( classname,address,monitor ) VALUES (rand_string(8),rand_string(10),rand_num(1,100000));
UNTIL i = max_num
END REPEAT;
COMMIT;
END //
DELIMITER ;

# 执行存储过程,往class表添加1万条数据
CALL insert_class(10000);

# 执行存储过程,往stu表添加50万条数据
CALL insert_stu(100000,500000);

# 查看数据是否添加成功
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM class;

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM student;

# 创建存储函数,删除表中的所有索引
DELIMITER //
CREATE PROCEDURE `proc_drop_index`(dbname VARCHAR(200),tablename VARCHAR(200))
BEGIN
DECLARE done INT DEFAULT 0;
DECLARE ct INT DEFAULT 0;
DECLARE _index VARCHAR(200) DEFAULT '';
DECLARE _cur CURSOR FOR SELECT index_name FROM information_schema.STATISTICS WHERE table_schema=dbname AND table_name=tablename AND seq_in_index=1 AND index_name <>'PRIMARY' ;
#每个游标必须使用不同的declare continue handler for not found set done=1来控制游标的结束
DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR NOT FOUND SET done=2 ;
#若没有数据返回,程序继续,并将变量done设为2
OPEN _cur;
FETCH _cur INTO _index;
WHILE _index<>'' DO
SET @str = CONCAT("drop index " , _index , " on " , tablename );
PREPARE sql_str FROM @str ;
EXECUTE sql_str;
DEALLOCATE PREPARE sql_str;
SET _index='';
FETCH _cur INTO _index;
END WHILE;
CLOSE _cur;
END //
DELIMITER ;

# 执行存储过程
CALL proc_drop_index("dbname","tablename");

  • 全值匹配

# 创建索引
CREATE INDEX idx_age ON student(age);

CREATE INDEX idx_age_classid ON student(age,classId);

CREATE INDEX idx_age_classid_name ON student(age,classId,NAME);

# 测试
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE age=30;

EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE age=30 AND classId=4;

EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE age=30 AND classId=4 AND NAME = 'abcd';

SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE age=30 AND classId=4 AND NAME = 'abcd';

  • 最佳左前缀法则

# 查询从索引的最左前列开始并且不跳过索引中的列

EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE student.age=30 AND student.name = 'abcd' ;

# 如果先查询id,但联合索引中是以age开始的,所以age索引就失效了
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE student.classid=1 AND student.name = 'abcd';

EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student
WHERE classid=4 AND student.age=30 AND student.name = 'abcd';

DROP INDEX idx_age ON student;
DROP INDEX idx_age_classid ON student;

EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student
WHERE student.age=30 AND student.name = 'abcd';

  • 主键插入顺序

对于一个使用InnoDB存储引擎的表来说,在我们没有显式的创建索引时,表中的数据实际上都是存储在聚簇索引的叶子节点的。而记录又是存储
在数据页中的,数据页和记录又是按照记录主键值从小到大的顺序进行排序,所以如果我们插入的记录的主键值是依次增大的话,那我们每插满
一个数据页就换到下一个数据页继续插,而如果我们插入的主键值忽大忽小的话,效率很低,最好能让插入的记录主键依次递增

  • 计算、函数导致索引失效

# 此语句比下一条要好!(能够使用上索引)
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE student.name LIKE 'abc%';

# 先遍历运行函数,后比较,不能用上索引
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE LEFT(student.name,3) = 'abc';

CREATE INDEX idx_name ON student(NAME);

CREATE INDEX idx_sno ON student(stuno);

# 先遍历计算,后比较,不能使用索引
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE id, stuno, NAME FROM student WHERE stuno+1 = 900001;

EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE id, stuno, NAME FROM student WHERE stuno = 900000;

# 先遍历进行类型转换,后比较,不能使用索引
EXPLAIN SELECT id, stuno, NAME FROM student WHERE SUBSTRING(NAME, 1,3)='abc';

  • 类型转换导致索引失效

EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE NAME = 123; 

EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE NAME = '123';

  • 范围条件右边的列索引失效

# 查看表中索引
SHOW INDEX FROM student;
# 清空表的索引
CALL proc_drop_index('atguigudb2','student');

# 创建联合索引
CREATE INDEX idx_age_classId_name ON student(age,classId,NAME);

# 创建联合索引
CREATE INDEX idx_age_name_cid ON student(age,NAME,classId);

# 根据name查询时,name没有用上
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student
WHERE student.age=30 AND student.classId>20 AND student.name = 'abc' ;

# 将返回条件放到最后即可保证右边索引不会失效
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student
WHERE student.age=30 AND student.name = 'abc' AND student.classId>20;

  • 不等于(!= 或者<>)索引失效

CREATE INDEX idx_name ON student(NAME);

EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE student.name <> 'abc' ;

EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE student.name != 'abc' ;

  • is null可以使用索引,is not null无法使用索引

EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE age IS NULL; 

EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE age IS NOT NULL;

  • like以通配符%开头索引失效

EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE NAME LIKE 'ab%'; 

EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE NAME LIKE '%ab%';

  • OR 前后存在非索引的列,索引失效

SHOW INDEX FROM student;

CALL proc_drop_index('atguigudb2','student');

CREATE INDEX idx_age ON student(age);

EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE age = 10 OR classid = 100;

CREATE INDEX idx_cid ON student(classid);

  • 数据库和表的字符集统一使用utf8mb4,否则类型转换时会导致索引失效



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