盘点一下编程中的常见术语。方便大家记忆，建议整理收藏。
1.function: A named sequence of statements that performs some useful operation. Functions
may or may not take arguments and may or may not produce a result.
2.function definition: A statement that creates a new function, specifying its name, parameters,
and the statements it contains.
3.function object: A value created by a function definition. The name of the function is a
variable that refers to a function object.
4.header: The first line of a function definition.
5.body: The sequence of statements inside a function definition.
6.parameter: A name used inside a function to refer to the value passed as an argument.
7.function call: A statement that runs a function. It consists of the function name followed by an
argument list in parentheses.
8.argument: A value provided to a function when the function is called. This value is assigned
to the corresponding parameter in the function.
9.local variable: A variable defined inside a function. A local variable can only be used inside
its function.
10.return value: The result of a function. If a function call is used as an expression, the return
value is the value of the expression.
11.fruitful function: A function that returns a value.
12.void function: A function that always returns None.
13.None: A special value returned by void functions.
14.import statement: A statement that reads a module file and creates a module object.
15.module object: A value created by an import statement that provides access to the values
defined in a module.
16.dot notation: The syntax for calling a function in another module by specifying the module
name followed by a dot (period) and the function name.
17.composition: Using an expression as part of a larger expression, or a statement as part of a
larger statement.
18.flow of execution: The order statements run in.
19.stack diagram: A graphical representation of a stack of functions, their variables, and the
values they refer to.
20.frame: A box in a stack diagram that represents a function call. It contains the local variables
and parameters of the function.
21.traceback: A list of the functions that are executing, printed when an exception occurs.
22.method: A function that is associated with an object and called using dot notation.
23.loop: A part of a program that can run repeatedly.
24.encapsulation: The process of transforming a sequence of statements into a function
definition.
25.generalization: The process of replacing something unnecessarily specific (like a number)
with something appropriately general (like a variable or parameter).
26.keyword argument: An argument that includes the name of the parameter as a “keyword”.
27.interface: A description of how to use a function, including the name and descriptions of the
arguments and return value.
28.refactoring: The process of modifying a working program to improve function interfaces and
other qualities of the code.
29.development plan: A process for writing programs.
30.docstring: A string that appears at the top of a function definition to document the function’s
interface.
31.precondition: A requirement that should be satisfied by the caller before a function starts.
32.postcondition: A requirement that should be satisfied by the function before it ends.
33.module: A file that contains a collection of related functions and other definitions.
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