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pod的介绍、命令行创建pod

JakietYu 2022-02-14 阅读 119

前言

环境:centos7.9 docker-ce-20.10.9 kubernetes-version v1.22.6

介绍pod

在kubernetes的世界中,k8s并不直接处理容器,而是使用多个容器共存的理念,这组容器就叫做pod。
pod是k8s中可以创建和管理的最小单元,是资源对象模型中由用户创建或部署的最小资源对象模型,其他的资源对象都是用来支撑pod对象功能的,比如,pod控制器就是用来管理pod对象的,service或者imgress资源对象是用来暴露pod引用对象的,persistentvolume资源
是用来为pod提供存储等等,简而言之,k8s不会直接处理容器,而是pod,pod才是k8s中可以创建和管理的最小单元,也是基本单元。

pod的特点

1、每个pod就像一个独立的逻辑机器,k8s会为每个pod分配一个集群内部唯一的IP地址,所以每个pod都拥有自己的IP地址、主机名、进程等;
2、一个pod可以包含1个或多个容器,pod的生命周期是短暂,也就是pod可能随时被消亡(如节点异常,pod异常等情况);
2、每一个pod都有一个特殊的被称为"根容器"的pause容器,也称info容器,pause容器对应的镜像属于k8s平台的一部分,除了pause容器,每个pod还包含一个或多个跑业务相关组件的容器;
3、一个pod中的容器共享网络命名空间;
4、一个pod里的多个容器共享pod IP;
pod实现共享网络实现机制:首先pod会创建pause容器,把其他业务容器加入pause容器,
从而让所以业务容器都在同一个命名空间中,这样可是实现网络共享。
pod共享存储实现机制: 引入数据卷volume,使用数据卷进行持久化存储。

命令行创建pod、查看pod

[root@master ~]# kubectl run nginx --image=nginx:1.7.9 --labels="app=nginx"	#创建一个pod,并设置标签为app=httpd		
pod/nginx created
[root@master ~]# kubectl  get pods -n default 									#查看pod,已经是运行状态
NAME    READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx   1/1     Running   0          43s
[root@master ~]# kubectl  get pod nginx -n default -o wide
NAME    READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP            NODE    NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
nginx   1/1     Running   0          75s   10.244.1.28   node1   <none>           <none>
[root@master ~]# 

kubectl describe 命令查看pod的详细信息

[root@master ~]# kubectl describe pod nginx			#使用kubectl describe命令来查看我们刚才创建的pod的详细信息
Name:         nginx									#pod的名称为nginx
Namespace:    default								#pod的所属命名空间
Priority:     0										#这个参数是优先级,暂时不用管
Node:         node1/192.168.118.132					#pod所在节点
Start Time:   Mon, 14 Feb 2022 22:40:55 +0800		#pod启动时间
Labels:       app=nginx								#标签
Annotations:  <none>
Status:       Running								#状态
IP:           10.244.1.28							#pod的IP,前面我们介绍pod的时候说过,pod就像一个逻辑机器,有着自己的IP
IPs:
  IP:  10.244.1.28
Containers:											#容器部分,一个pod可以跑多个容器
  nginx:											#
    Container ID:   docker://042179fde4baa7138ac0213bbfb99dd5f02bf915cd91d0ae38982b2bdd30cb9a	#容器ID
    Image:          nginx:1.7.9																	#镜像
    Image ID:       docker-pullable://nginx@sha256:e3456c851a152494c3e4ff5fcc26f240206a94affb40e0714846c451	#镜像ID
    Port:           <none>
    Host Port:      <none>
    State:          Running								#容器状态
      Started:      Mon, 14 Feb 2022 22:40:56 +0800		#容器启动时间
    Ready:          True								#是否准备就绪
    Restart Count:  0									#重启次数
    Environment:    <none>
    Mounts:												#容器挂载点
      /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount from kube-api-access-n5gcr (ro)
Conditions:
  Type              Status
  Initialized       True 
  Ready             True 
  ContainersReady   True 
  PodScheduled      True 
Volumes:
  kube-api-access-n5gcr:
    Type:                    Projected (a volume that contains injected data from multiple sources)
    TokenExpirationSeconds:  3607
    ConfigMapName:           kube-root-ca.crt
    ConfigMapOptional:       <nil>
    DownwardAPI:             true
QoS Class:                   BestEffort
Node-Selectors:              <none>
Tolerations:                 node.kubernetes.io/not-ready:NoExecute op=Exists for 300s
                             node.kubernetes.io/unreachable:NoExecute op=Exists for 300s
Events:
  Type    Reason     Age   From               Message
  ----    ------     ----  ----               -------
  Normal  Scheduled  38m   default-scheduler  Successfully assigned default/nginx to node1
  Normal  Pulled     38m   kubelet            Container image "nginx:1.7.9" already present on machine
  Normal  Created    38m   kubelet            Created container nginx
  Normal  Started    38m   kubelet            Started container nginx
[root@master ~]#

查看pod的yaml文件

[root@master ~]# kubectl  get pod nginx -o yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2022-02-14T14:40:55Z"
  labels:
    app: nginx
  name: nginx
  namespace: default
  resourceVersion: "488083"
  uid: dff1bcac-b229-4a5d-803d-d003a4311437
spec:
  containers:
  - image: nginx:1.7.9
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
    name: nginx
    resources: {}
    terminationMessagePath: /dev/termination-log
    terminationMessagePolicy: File
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount
      name: kube-api-access-n5gcr
      readOnly: true
  dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
  enableServiceLinks: true
  nodeName: node1
  preemptionPolicy: PreemptLowerPriority
  priority: 0
  restartPolicy: Always
  schedulerName: default-scheduler
  securityContext: {}
  serviceAccount: default
  serviceAccountName: default
  terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 30
  tolerations:
  - effect: NoExecute
    key: node.kubernetes.io/not-ready
    operator: Exists
    tolerationSeconds: 300
  - effect: NoExecute
    key: node.kubernetes.io/unreachable
    operator: Exists
    tolerationSeconds: 300
  volumes:
  - name: kube-api-access-n5gcr
    projected:
      defaultMode: 420
      sources:
      - serviceAccountToken:
          expirationSeconds: 3607
          path: token
      - configMap:
          items:
          - key: ca.crt
            path: ca.crt
          name: kube-root-ca.crt
      - downwardAPI:
          items:
          - fieldRef:
              apiVersion: v1
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
            path: namespace
status:
  conditions:
  - lastProbeTime: null
    lastTransitionTime: "2022-02-14T14:40:55Z"
    status: "True"
    type: Initialized
  - lastProbeTime: null
    lastTransitionTime: "2022-02-14T14:40:57Z"
    status: "True"
    type: Ready
  - lastProbeTime: null
    lastTransitionTime: "2022-02-14T14:40:57Z"
    status: "True"
    type: ContainersReady
  - lastProbeTime: null
    lastTransitionTime: "2022-02-14T14:40:55Z"
    status: "True"
    type: PodScheduled
  containerStatuses:
  - containerID: docker://042179fde4baa7138ac0213bbfb99dd5f02bf915cd91d0ae38982b2bdd30cb9a
    image: nginx:1.7.9
    imageID: docker-pullable://nginx@sha256:e3456c851a152494c3e4ff5fcc26f240206abac0c9d794affb40e0714846c451
    lastState: {}
    name: nginx
    ready: true
    restartCount: 0
    started: true
    state:
      running:
        startedAt: "2022-02-14T14:40:56Z"
  hostIP: 192.168.118.132
  phase: Running
  podIP: 10.244.1.28
  podIPs:
  - ip: 10.244.1.28
  qosClass: BestEffort
  startTime: "2022-02-14T14:40:55Z"
[root@master ~]# 

对外暴露服务、测试访问

以上我们创建了一个名为nginx的pod,但是这个pod还不能被外部客户端连接访问,我们还需要做一步,就是对外暴露pod,让外部客户端能访问k8s集群的pod服务,如下所示:

# --port=8088 表示指定集群内部访问端口,--target-port=80表示pod里面容器的应用程序端口
# 节点端口,即客户外部访问端口是自动生成的
[root@master ~]# kubectl  expose pod nginx -n default --port=8088 --target-port=80 --type=NodePort --name=nginx
service/nginx exposed
[root@master ~]# kubectl  get pod,svc -n default 
NAME        READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pod/nginx   1/1     Running   0          2m34s

NAME                 TYPE        CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)          AGE
service/kubernetes   ClusterIP   10.96.0.1        <none>        443/TCP          11d
service/nginx        NodePort    10.103.207.241   <none>        8088:30295/TCP   14s	#8088为集群内部访问端口,30295为外部访问端口
[root@master ~]# curl http://10.103.207.241:8088					#使用集群内部IP+内部端口8088访问,能成功访问
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
    body {
        width: 35em;
        margin: 0 auto;
        font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
    }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>

<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>

<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>
[root@master ~]# 

在浏览器访问,任意一个节点的IP+30295端口都能访问到nginx,如下图所示:
在这里插入图片描述

编辑service

如果需要修改外部访问端口或者需要修改一下刚才定义的service,这时我们可以使用kubectl edit 编辑刚才创建的service,如下:

[root@master ~]# kubectl edit service nginx						#编辑我们刚才创建的名为nginx的服务
# Please edit the object below. Lines beginning with a '#' will be ignored,
# and an empty file will abort the edit. If an error occurs while saving this file will be
# reopened with the relevant failures.
#
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2022-02-14T14:43:15Z"
  labels:
    app: nginx
  name: nginx
  namespace: default
  resourceVersion: "488275"
  uid: e935f0c2-3f8b-48a0-b592-eae3332e40b1
spec:
  clusterIP: 10.103.207.241
  clusterIPs:
  - 10.103.207.241
  externalTrafficPolicy: Cluster
  internalTrafficPolicy: Cluster
  ipFamilies:
  - IPv4
  ipFamilyPolicy: SingleStack
  ports:
  - nodePort: 30005									#修改一下对外暴露的端口为30005,注意:端口是有范围了,不能随便定义
    port: 8088
    protocol: TCP
    targetPort: 80
  selector:
    app: nginx
  sessionAffinity: None
  type: NodePort
status:
  loadBalancer: {}

~
"/tmp/kubectl-edit-3488312699.yaml" 34L, 785C written
service/nginx edited										#修改完成之后保存退出,k8s会立即自动应用你做的修改
[root@master ~]# kubectl  get pod,svc -n default 			#查看service,发现外部端口已经改成了30005,浏览器就能使用这个端口来访问了
NAME        READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pod/nginx   1/1     Running   0          26m

NAME                 TYPE        CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)          AGE
service/kubernetes   ClusterIP   10.96.0.1        <none>        443/TCP          11d
service/nginx        NodePort    10.103.207.241   <none>        8088:30005/TCP   23m
[root@master ~]# 

以上我们创建了一个跑nginx服务的pod,也使用service对外暴露了pod,这样外部客户就能访问k8s集群里pod的容器里nginx服务了,但是以上我们创建的pod是不受任何控制的,换句话说就是pod出现异常挂掉了就挂掉了,k8s不会帮你重启pod;在实际的生产环境中,我们并不是直接创建pod,而是创建pod控制器,所谓pod控制器,就是用来管理pod,其具有上线部署、副本设定、滚动升级、回滚等诸多功能。关于pod控制的讲解,我们不在本篇论述。

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