Nginx详细教程

一、Nginx介绍

1.1 引言

1.2 Nginx介绍

二、Nginx的安装

2.1 安装Nginx

使用docker-compose安装

#在/opt目录下创建docker_nginx目录
cd /opt
mkdir docker_nginx
#创建docker-compose.yml文件并编写下面的内容,保存退出
vim docker-compose.yml

version: '3.1'
services: 
  nginx:
    restart: always
    image: daocloud.io/library/nginx:latest
    container_name: nginx
    ports: 
      - 80:80

执行docker-compose up -d

2.2 Nginx的配置文件

# 查看当前nginx的配置需要进入docker容器中
docker exec -it 容器id bash
# 进入容器后
cd /etc/nginx/
cat nginx.conf

nginx.conf文件内容如下

user  nginx;
worker_processes  1;

error_log  /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;
pid        /var/run/nginx.pid;
# 以上同称为全局块
# worker_processes的数值越大，Nginx的并发能力就越强
# error_log代表Nginx错误日志存放的位置
# pid是Nginx运行的一个标识

events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}
# events块
# worker_connections的数值越大，Nginx的并发能力就越强

http {
    include       /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                      '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                      '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    access_log  /var/log/nginx/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    keepalive_timeout  65;

    #gzip  on;

    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
}

# http块
# include 代表引入一个外部文件
# include /etc/nginx/mime.types;    mime.types中存放着大量媒体类型
# include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf; 引入了conf.d下以.conf为结尾的配置文件

conf.d目录下只有一个default.conf文件，内容如下

server {
    listen       80;
    listen  [::]:80;
    server_name  localhost;

    #charset koi8-r;
    #access_log  /var/log/nginx/host.access.log  main;

    location / {
        root   /usr/share/nginx/html;
        index  index.html index.htm;
    }
    # location块
    # root:将接受到的请求根据/usr/share/nginx/html去查找静态资源
    # index:默认去上述的路径中找到index.html或index.htm

}

# server块
# listen代表Nginx监听的端口号
# server_name代表Nginx接受请求的IP

2.3 修改docker-compose文件

# 退出容器
exit
# 关闭容器
docker-compose down
# 修改docker-compose.yml文件如下

version: '3.1'
services: 
  nginx:
    restart: always
    image: daocloud.io/library/nginx:latest
    container_name: nginx
    ports: 
      - 80:80
    volumes:
      - /opt/docker_nginx/conf.d/:/etc/nginx/conf.d

# 重新构建容器
docker-compose bulid
# 重新启动容器
docker-compose up -d

这时我们再次访问80端口是访问不到的，因为我们映射了数据卷之后还没有编写server块中的内容

我们在/opt/docker_nginx/conf.d下新建default.conf，并插入如下内容

server {
    listen       80;
    listen  [::]:80;
    server_name  localhost;

    location / {
        root   /usr/share/nginx/html;
        index  index.html index.htm;
    }
}

# 重启nginx
docker-compose restart

三、Nginx的反向代理

3.1 正向代理和反向代理介绍

3.2 基于Nginx实现反向代理

准备Tomcat服务器

docker run -d -p 8080:8080 --name tomcat  daocloud.io/library/tomcat:8.5.15-jre8
#或者已经下载了tomcat镜像
docker run -d -p 8080:8080 --name tomcat 镜像的标识

#添加数据卷
docker run -it -v /宿主机绝对目录:/容器内目录 镜像名

default.conf文件内容如下

server {
    listen       80;
    listen  [::]:80;
    server_name  localhost;

    # 基于反向代理访问Tomcat服务器
    location / {
        proxy_pass http://IP:8080/;
    }
}

# 重启nginx 
docker-compose restart

3.3 关于Nginx的location路径映射

优先级关系：
(location = ) 
    > (location /xxx/yyy/zzz) 
    > (location ^~) 
    > (location ~,~*) 
    > (location /起始路径) 
    > (location /)

# 1. = 匹配
location / {
    # 精准匹配，主机名后面不能带能和字符串
    # 例如www.baidu.com不能是www.baidu.com/id=xxx
}

# 2. 通用匹配
location /xxx {
    # 匹配所有以/xxx开头的路径
    # 例如127.0.0.1:8080/xxx  xxx可以为空，为空则和=匹配一样
}

# 3. 正则匹配
location ~ /xxx {
    # 匹配所有以/xxx开头的路径
}

# 4. 匹配开头路径
location ^~ /xxx/xx {
    # 匹配所有以/xxx/xx开头的路径
}

# 5. 匹配结尾路径
location ~* \.(gif/jpg/png)$ {
    # 匹配以.gif、.jpg或者.png结尾的路径
}

修改/opt/docker_nginx/conf.d/default.conf如下

server {
    listen       80;
    listen  [::]:80;
    server_name  localhost;

    location /index {
        proxy_pass http://IP:8081/; # A首页
    }

    location ^~ /mall/ {
        proxy_pass http://IP:8080/; # B首页
    }

    location / {
        proxy_pass http://IP:8080/; # C首页
    }
}

docker-compose restart

四、Nginx负载均衡

4.1 轮询

想实现轮询负载均衡机制只需要修改配置文件如下

upstream my_server{
    server IP:8080;
    server IP:8081;
}
server {
    listen       80;
    listen  [::]:80;
    server_name  localhost;

    location / {
        proxy_pass http://my_server/;   #Tomcat首页
    }
}

4.2 权重

实现权重的方式：在配置文件中upstream块中加上weight

upstream my_server{
    server IP:8080 weight=10;
    server IP:8081 weight=2;
}
server {
    listen       80;
    listen  [::]:80;
    server_name  localhost;

    location / {
        proxy_pass http://my_server/;   #Tomcat首页
    }
}

4.3 ip_hash

实现ip_hash方式：在配置文件upstream块中加上ip_hash

upstream my_server{
    ip_hash;
    server IP:8080 weight=10;
    server IP:8081 weight=2;
}
server {
    listen       80;
    listen  [::]:80;
    server_name  localhost;

    location / {
        proxy_pass http://my_server/;   #Tomcat首页
    }
}

五、Nginx动静分离

5.1 动态资源代理

# 配置如下
location / {
  proxy_pass 路径;
}

5.2 静态资源代理

先修改docker-compose文件

version: '3.1'
services: 
  nginx:
    restart: always
    image: daocloud.io/library/nginx:latest
    container_name: nginx
    ports: 
      - 80:80
    volumes:
      - /opt/docker_nginx/conf.d/:/etc/nginx/conf.d
      - /opt/docker_nginx/html/:/usr/share/nginx/html

# 在/opt/docker_nginx/html下新建一个index.html
# 在index.html里面随便写点东西展示
# 修改nginx的配置文件

location / {
    root /usr/share/nginx/html;
    index index.html;
}

# 配置如下
location / {
    root 静态资源路径;
    index 默认访问路径下的什么资源;
    autoindex on; # 代表展示静态资源的全部内容，以列表的形式展开
}

# 重启nginx
docker-compose restart

六、Nginx集群

6.1 引言

6.2 搭建

# 先准备好以下文件放入/opt/docker_nginx_cluster目录中
# 然后启动容器    注意确保80、8081和8082端口未被占用(或者修改docker-compose.yml中的端口)
docker-compose up -d

# 然后我们访问8081端口可以看到master，访问8082端口可以看到slave
# 因为我们设置了81端口的master优先级未200比82端口的slave优先级100高，所以我们访问80端口看到的是master
# 现在我们模仿8081端口的nginx宕机了
# docker stop 8081端口nginx容器的ID
# 这时我们再去访问80端口看到的就是slave了

Dockerfile

FROM nginx:1.13.5-alpine

RUN apk update && apk upgrade

RUN apk add --no-cache bash curl ipvsadm iproute2 openrc keepalived

COPY entrypoint.sh /entrypoint.sh

RUN chmod +x /entrypoint.sh

CMD ["/entrypoint.sh"]

entrypoint.sh

#!/bin/sh

#/usr/sbin/keepalvined -n -l -D -f /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf --dont-fork --log-console &
/usr/sbin/keepalvined -D -f /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf


nginx -g "daemon off;"

docker-compose.yml

version: "3.1"
services:
  nginx_master:
    build:
      context: ./
      dockerfile: ./Dockerfile
    ports:
      -8081:80
    volumes:
      - ./index-master.html:/usr/share/nnginx/html/index.html
      - ./favicon.ico:/usr/share/nnginx/html/favicon.ico
      - ./keepalived-master.conf:/etv/keepalived/keepalived.conf
    networks:
      static-network:
        ipv4_address:172.20.128.2
    cap_add:
      - NET_ADMIN
  nginx_slave:
    build:
      context: ./
      dockerfile: ./Dockerfile
    ports:
      -8082:80
    volumes:
      - ./index-slave.html:/usr/share/nnginx/html/index.html
      - ./favicon.ico:/usr/share/nnginx/html/favicon.ico
      - ./keepalived-slave.conf:/etv/keepalived/keepalived.conf
    networks:
      static-network:
        ipv4_address:172.20.128.3
    cap_add:
      - NET_ADMIN
  proxy:
    image:  haproxy:1.7-apline
    ports:
      - 80:6301
    volumes:
      - ./happroxy.cfg:/usr/local/etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg
    networks:
      - static-network
networks:
  static-network:
    ipam:
      congig:
        - subnet: 172.20.0.0/16

keepalived-master.conf

vrrp_script chk_nginx {
    script "pidof nginx"
    interval 2
}

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state MASTER
    interface etch0 # 容器内部的网卡名称
    virtual_router_id 33
    priority 200    # 优先级
    advert_int 1
    
    autheentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass letmein
    }

    virtual_ipaddress {
        172.20.128.50   # 虚拟路径
    }

    track_script {
        chk_nginx
    }
}

keepalived-slave.conf

vrrp_script chk_nginx {
    script "pidof nginx"
    interval 2
}

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state BACKUP
    interface etch0 # 容器内部的网卡名称
    virtual_router_id 33
    priority 100    # 优先级
    advert_int 1
    
    autheentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass letmein
    }

    virtual_ipaddress {
        172.20.128.50   # 虚拟路径
    }

    track_script {
        chk_nginx
    }
}

haproxy.cfg

global
    log 127.0.0.1 local0
    maxconn 4096
    daemon
    nbproc 4
    
defaults
    log 127.0.0.1 local3
    mode http
    option dontlognull
    option redispatch
    retries 2
    maxconn 2000
    balance roundrobin
    timeout connect 5000ms
    timeout client 5000ms
    timeout server 5000ms
    
frontend main
    bind *:6301
    default_backend webserver
    
backend webserveer
    server nginx_master 127.20.127.50:80 check inter 2000 rise 2 fall 5