Java 导出自定义复杂表头EXCEL文件

在Java中导出带有自定义复杂表头的Excel文件，通常会使用Apache POI库，这是一个强大的API，专为操作Microsoft Office格式的文件而设计，特别是处理Excel（.xlsx和.xls）文件。本文将详细介绍如何使用Java和Apache POI库来创建一个具有多级表头和复杂样式的Excel文件。

准备工作

添加依赖

首先，确保你的项目中包含了Apache POI的依赖。如果你使用的是Maven，可以在pom.xml中添加以下依赖：

<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.apache.poi</groupId>
        <artifactId>poi</artifactId>
        <version>4.1.2</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.apache.poi</groupId>
        <artifactId>poi-ooxml</artifactId>
        <version>4.1.2</version>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

创建Excel文件

接下来，我们将逐步创建一个具有多级表头的Excel文件。

1. 创建工作簿和工作表

Workbook workbook = new XSSFWorkbook();
Sheet sheet = workbook.createSheet("Complex Header Example");

1. 设置列宽

sheet.setColumnWidth(0, 6 * 256); // 第1列宽度
sheet.setColumnWidth(1, 20 * 256); // 第2列宽度

1. 创建单元格样式

CellStyle bigTitleCellStyle = createCellStyle(workbook, "仿宋_GB2312", 18, true, HorizontalAlignment.CENTER, VerticalAlignment.CENTER, false);
CellStyle headerCellStyle = createCellStyle(workbook, "宋体", 12, true, HorizontalAlignment.CENTER, VerticalAlignment.CENTER, true);

1. 创建大标题

Row bigTitleRow = sheet.createRow(0);
Cell bigTitleCell = bigTitleRow.createCell(0);
bigTitleCell.setCellValue("复杂表头示例");
bigTitleCell.setCellStyle(bigTitleCellStyle);
sheet.addMergedRegion(new CellRangeAddress(0, 0, 0, 8)); // 合并第一行的所有列

1. 创建二级表头

Row secondHeaderRow = sheet.createRow(1);
String[] secondHeader = {"序号", "个人信息", "工作信息", "", "", "财务信息", "", "", ""};
for (int i = 0; i < secondHeader.length; i++) {
    Cell cell = secondHeaderRow.createCell(i);
    cell.setCellValue(secondHeader[i]);
    cell.setCellStyle(headerCellStyle);
}

1. 创建三级表头

Row thirdHeaderRow = sheet.createRow(2);
String[] thirdHeader = {"", "姓名", "性别", "部门", "职位", "入职日期", "工资", "奖金", "备注"};
for (int i = 0; i < thirdHeader.length; i++) {
    Cell cell = thirdHeaderRow.createCell(i);
    cell.setCellValue(thirdHeader[i]);
    cell.setCellStyle(headerCellStyle);
}

1. 合并单元格

sheet.addMergedRegion(new CellRangeAddress(1, 1, 1, 2)); // 合并 "个人信息"
sheet.addMergedRegion(new CellRangeAddress(1, 1, 3, 4)); // 合并 "工作信息"
sheet.addMergedRegion(new CellRangeAddress(1, 1, 5, 7)); // 合并 "财务信息"

1. 设置单元格背景颜色

CellStyle colorCellStyle = createCellStyle(workbook, "宋体", 12, true, HorizontalAlignment.CENTER, VerticalAlignment.CENTER, true, IndexedColors.LIGHT_GREEN.getIndex());
thirdHeaderRow.getCell(1).setCellStyle(colorCellStyle);
thirdHeaderRow.getCell(3).setCellStyle(colorCellStyle);
thirdHeaderRow.getCell(5).setCellStyle(colorCellStyle);

1. 设置单元格字体颜色

CellStyle fontColorCellStyle = createCellStyle(workbook, "宋体", 12, true, HorizontalAlignment.CENTER, VerticalAlignment.CENTER, true, null, IndexedColors.RED.getIndex());
thirdHeaderRow.getCell(6).setCellStyle(fontColorCellStyle);

1. 填充数据

List<Map<String, Object>> dataList = new ArrayList<>();
Map<String, Object> data1 = new HashMap<>();
data1.put("序号", 1);
data1.put("姓名", "张三");
data1.put("性别", "男");
data1.put("年龄", 28);
data1.put("部门", "研发部");
data1.put("职位", "软件工程师");
data1.put("入职日期", "2020-01-01");
data1.put("工资", 8000.00);
data1.put("备注", "");
dataList.add(data1);

int rowNum = 3; // 数据从第四行开始
for (Map<String, Object> data : dataList) {
    Row row = sheet.createRow(rowNum++);
    row.createCell(0).setCellValue((Integer) data.get("序号"));
    row.createCell(1).setCellValue((String) data.get("姓名"));
    row.createCell(2).setCellValue((String) data.get("性别"));
    row.createCell(3).setCellValue((Integer) data.get("年龄"));
    row.createCell(4).setCellValue((String) data.get("部门"));
    row.createCell(5).setCellValue((String) data.get("职位"));
    row.createCell(6).setCellValue((String) data.get("入职日期"));
    row.createCell(7).setCellValue((Double) data.get("工资"));
    row.createCell(8).setCellValue((String) data.get("备注"));
}

1. 导出到文件

try (FileOutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("complex_header_example.xlsx")) {
    workbook.write(fileOut);
}

// 关闭工作簿
workbook.close();

1. 创建单元格样式方法

private static CellStyle createCellStyle(Workbook workbook, String fontName, short fontSize, boolean bold,
                                         HorizontalAlignment horizontalAlign, VerticalAlignment verticalAlign,
                                         boolean bordered, Integer backgroundColor, Integer fontColor) {
    CellStyle cellStyle = workbook.createCellStyle();
    Font font = workbook.createFont();
    font.setFontName(fontName);
    font.setFontHeightInPoints(fontSize);
    font.setBold(bold);
    if (fontColor != null) {
        font.setColor(fontColor);
    }
    cellStyle.setFont(font);
    cellStyle.setAlignment(horizontalAlign);
    cellStyle.setVerticalAlignment(verticalAlign);
    if (bordered) {
        cellStyle.setBorderTop(BorderStyle.THIN);
        cellStyle.setBorderBottom(BorderStyle.THIN);
        cellStyle.setBorderLeft(BorderStyle.THIN);
        cellStyle.setBorderRight(BorderStyle.THIN);
    }
    if (backgroundColor != null) {
        cellStyle.setFillForegroundColor(backgroundColor);
        cellStyle.setFillPattern(FillPatternType.SOLID_FOREGROUND);
    }
    return cellStyle;
}

完整代码

import org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.*;
import org.apache.poi.xssf.usermodel.XSSFCell;
import org.apache.poi.xssf.usermodel.XSSFCellStyle;
import org.apache.poi.xssf.usermodel.XSSFFont;
import org.apache.poi.xssf.usermodel.XSSFWorkbook;

import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

public class ExcelExporter {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        // 创建一个新的 Excel 工作簿
        Workbook workbook = new XSSFWorkbook();

        // 创建一个工作表
        Sheet sheet = workbook.createSheet("Complex Header Example");

        // 设置列宽
        sheet.setColumnWidth(0, 6 * 256); // 第1列宽度
        sheet.setColumnWidth(1, 20 * 256); // 第2列宽度
        sheet.setColumnWidth(2, 20 * 256); // 第3列宽度
        sheet.setColumnWidth(3, 22 * 256); // 第4列宽度
        sheet.setColumnWidth(4, 10 * 256); // 第5列宽度
        sheet.setColumnWidth(5, 10 * 256); // 第6列宽度
        sheet.setColumnWidth(6, 12 * 256); // 第7列宽度
        sheet.setColumnWidth(7, 13 * 256); // 第8列宽度
        sheet.setColumnWidth(8, 14 * 256); // 第9列宽度

        // 创建大标题单元格样式
        CellStyle bigTitleCellStyle = createCellStyle(workbook, "仿宋_GB2312", 18, true, HorizontalAlignment.CENTER, VerticalAlignment.CENTER, false);
        // 创建普通表头单元格样式
        CellStyle headerCellStyle = createCellStyle(workbook, "宋体", 12, true, HorizontalAlignment.CENTER, VerticalAlignment.CENTER, true);

        // 创建第一行大标题
        Row bigTitleRow = sheet.createRow(0);
        Cell bigTitleCell = bigTitleRow.createCell(0);
        bigTitleCell.setCellValue("复杂表头示例");
        bigTitleCell.setCellStyle(bigTitleCellStyle);
        sheet.addMergedRegion(new CellRangeAddress(0, 0, 0, 8)); // 合并第一行的所有列

        // 创建第二行表头
        Row secondHeaderRow = sheet.createRow(1);
        String[] secondHeader = {"序号", "个人信息", "工作信息", "", "", "财务信息", "", "", ""};
        for (int i = 0; i < secondHeader.length; i++) {
            Cell cell = secondHeaderRow.createCell(i);
            cell.setCellValue(secondHeader[i]);
            cell.setCellStyle(headerCellStyle);
        }

        // 创建第三行表头
        Row thirdHeaderRow = sheet.createRow(2);
        String[] thirdHeader = {"", "姓名", "性别", "部门", "职位", "入职日期", "工资", "奖金", "备注"};
        for (int i = 0; i < thirdHeader.length; i++) {
            Cell cell = thirdHeaderRow.createCell(i);
            cell.setCellValue(thirdHeader[i]);
            cell.setCellStyle(headerCellStyle);
        }

         // 合并二级表头的单元格
        mergeCells(sheet, 1, 1, 1, 2); // 合并 "个人信息"
        mergeCells(sheet, 1, 1, 3, 4); // 合并 "工作信息"
        mergeCells(sheet, 1, 1, 5, 7); // 合并 "财务信息"

        // 设置单元格背景颜色
        CellStyle colorCellStyle = createCellStyle(workbook, "宋体", 12, true, HorizontalAlignment.CENTER, VerticalAlignment.CENTER, true, IndexedColors.LIGHT_GREEN.getIndex());
        thirdHeaderRow.getCell(1).setCellStyle(colorCellStyle);
        thirdHeaderRow.getCell(3).setCellStyle(colorCellStyle);
        thirdHeaderRow.getCell(5).setCellStyle(colorCellStyle);

        // 设置单元格字体颜色
        CellStyle fontColorCellStyle = createCellStyle(workbook, "宋体", 12, true, HorizontalAlignment.CENTER, VerticalAlignment.CENTER, true, null, IndexedColors.RED.getIndex());
        thirdHeaderRow.getCell(6).setCellStyle(fontColorCellStyle);

        // 示例数据
        List<Map<String, Object>> dataList = new ArrayList<>();
        Map<String, Object> data1 = new HashMap<>();
        data1.put("序号", 1);
        data1.put("姓名", "张三");
        data1.put("性别", "男");
        data1.put("年龄", 28);
        data1.put("部门", "研发部");
        data1.put("职位", "软件工程师");
        data1.put("入职日期", "2020-01-01");
        data1.put("工资", 8000.00);
        data1.put("备注", "");
        dataList.add(data1);

        // 填充数据
        int rowNum = 3; // 数据从第四行开始
        for (Map<String, Object> data : dataList) {
            Row row = sheet.createRow(rowNum++);
            row.createCell(0).setCellValue((Integer) data.get("序号"));
            row.createCell(1).setCellValue((String) data.get("姓名"));
            row.createCell(2).setCellValue((String) data.get("性别"));
            row.createCell(3).setCellValue((Integer) data.get("年龄"));
            row.createCell(4).setCellValue((String) data.get("部门"));
            row.createCell(5).setCellValue((String) data.get("职位"));
            row.createCell(6).setCellValue((String) data.get("入职日期"));
            row.createCell(7).setCellValue((Double) data.get("工资"));
            row.createCell(8).setCellValue((String) data.get("备注"));
        }

        // 导出到文件
        try (FileOutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("complex_header_example.xlsx")) {
            workbook.write(fileOut);
        }

        // 关闭工作簿
        workbook.close();
    }

    /**
     * 创建单元格样式
     *
     * @param workbook          工作簿
     * @param fontName          字体名称
     * @param fontSize          字体大小
     * @param bold              是否加粗
     * @param horizontalAlign   水平对齐方式
     * @param verticalAlign     垂直对齐方式
     * @param bordered          是否有边框
     * @param backgroundColor   背景颜色（可选）
     * @param fontColor         字体颜色（可选）
     * @return 单元格样式
     */
    private static CellStyle createCellStyle(Workbook workbook, String fontName, short fontSize, boolean bold,
                                             HorizontalAlignment horizontalAlign, VerticalAlignment verticalAlign,
                                             boolean bordered, Integer backgroundColor, Integer fontColor) {
        CellStyle cellStyle = workbook.createCellStyle();
        Font font = workbook.createFont();
        font.setFontName(fontName);
        font.setFontHeightInPoints(fontSize);
        font.setBold(bold);
        if (fontColor != null) {
            font.setColor(fontColor);
        }
        cellStyle.setFont(font);
        cellStyle.setAlignment(horizontalAlign);
        cellStyle.setVerticalAlignment(verticalAlign);
        if (bordered) {
            cellStyle.setBorderTop(BorderStyle.THIN);
            cellStyle.setBorderBottom(BorderStyle.THIN);
            cellStyle.setBorderLeft(BorderStyle.THIN);
            cellStyle.setBorderRight(BorderStyle.THIN);
        }
        if (backgroundColor != null) {
            cellStyle.setFillForegroundColor(backgroundColor);
            cellStyle.setFillPattern(FillPatternType.SOLID_FOREGROUND);
        }
        return cellStyle;
    }
    
    /**
     * 合并单元格
     *
     * @param sheet         工作表
     * @param startRow      开始行索引
     * @param endRow        结束行索引
     * @param startColumn   开始列索引
     * @param endColumn     结束列索引
     */
    private static void mergeCells(Sheet sheet, int startRow, int endRow, int startColumn, int endColumn) {
        sheet.addMergedRegion(new CellRangeAddress(startRow, endRow, startColumn, endColumn));
    }
}

总结

通过上述代码，我们创建了一个具有多级表头和复杂样式的Excel文件，并且实现了单元格的合并、背景颜色和字体颜色的设置。这些功能使得生成的Excel文件更加美观和易读。