可能大家都会觉得写论文很难！
我也曾这么认为，当然，现在也是。
第一篇论文接近尾声了，回望这些时光，我觉得，写论文，确实要掌握一些方法，而不是拿着高中作文水平或者四六级英文作文水平就能写一篇好的中文和外文期刊，也不是一个多么伟大的诗人和小说家就能写出顶刊顶会的论文。
所以，写论文似乎不是需要多好的文笔，但也不是任意为之。
有幸，曾看到杜克大学教授迈克尔·芒格）写的有关于提到学术写作的十条建议，我觉得，这些建议很有意义，所以在此将这十条建议分享给大家。
有些建议，也适用于人生。
原文链接：
https://www.chronicle.com/article/10-tips-on-how-to-write-less-badly/
下面让我们正式开始。
1、日积月累
1. Writing is an exercise. You get better and faster with practice. If you were going to run a marathon a year from now, would you wait for months and then run 26 miles cold? No, you would build up slowly, running most days. You might start on the flats and work up to more demanding and difficult terrain. To become a writer, write. Don’t wait for that book manuscript or that monster external-review report to work on your writing.
1. 写作是一种练习。通过练习，你会变得更好更快。如果你一年后要跑马拉松，你会等上几个月然后冷跑26英里吗?不，你会慢慢积累，大部分时间都在跑步。你可能会从平地开始，然后逐渐向更高要求和更困难的地形发展。要想成为作家，先写作。不要等到那本书的手稿或那可怕的外部审查报告才开始写作。
2、做成什么比要做多少更重要
2. Set goals based on output, not input. “I will work for three hours” is a delusion; “I will type three double-spaced pages” is a goal. After you write three pages, do something else. Prepare for class, teach, go to meetings, whatever. If later in the day you feel like writing some more, great. But if you don’t, then at least you wrote something.
2. 设定目标要基于结果，而不是投入。“我要工作三个小时”是一种错觉；“我要打三张双倍行距的纸”是我的目标。在你写了三页之后，做其他的事情。备课、教学、开会，等等。如果在这一天的晚些时候你想要写更多的东西，很好。但如果你不知道，至少你写了些东西。
3、做自己，而不是他人眼中的你
3. Find a voice; don't just "get published". James Buchanan won a Nobel in economics in 1986. One of the questions he asks job candidates is: "What are you writing that will be read 10 years from now? What about 100 years from now?" Someone once asked me that question, and it is pretty intimidating. And embarrassing, because most of us don’t think that way. We focus on "getting published" as if it had nothing to do with writing about ideas or arguments. Paradoxically, if all you are trying to do is "get published," you may not publish very much. It's easier to write when you’re interested in what you're writing about.
3. 找寻内心的声音，不要只是“出版”。詹姆斯·布坎南(James Buchanan)于1986年获得诺贝尔经济学奖。他问求职者的一个问题是：“你写的什么东西会在10年后被人读到?”100年后呢?”有人曾经问过我这个问题，这很吓人。也很尴尬，因为我们大多数人都不这么想。我们专注于“出版”，就好像它与写作观点或论点无关。矛盾的是，如果你只是想“出版”，你可能不会出版太多。当你对你要写的东西感兴趣的时候，写起来会更容易。
4、时间是重要法宝
4. Give yourself time. Many smart people tell themselves pathetic lies like, “I do my best work at the last minute.” Look: It’s not true. No one works better under pressure. Sure, you are a smart person. But if you are writing about a profound problem, why would you think that you can make an important contribution off the top of your head in the middle of the night just before the conference?
Writers sit at their desks for hours, wrestling with ideas. They ask questions, talk with other smart people over drinks or dinner, go on long walks. And then write a whole bunch more. Don’t worry that what you write is not very good and isn’t immediately usable. You get ideas when you write; you don’t just write down ideas.
The articles and books that will be read decades from now were written by men and women sitting at a desk and forcing themselves to translate profound ideas into words and then to let those words lead them to even more ideas. Writing can be magic, if you give yourself time, because you can produce in the mind of some other person, distant from you in space or even time, an image of the ideas that exist in only your mind at this one instant.
4. 给自己一些时间。许多聪明的人告诉自己可悲的谎言，例如“我在最后一刻尽力而为”。看：这不是真的。没有人在压力下工作得更好。当然，你是一个聪明的人。但是，如果您正在写一个深刻的问题，为什么您会认为您可以在会议开始前的深夜里做出重要贡献呢？
作家在办公桌前坐了几个小时，为想法苦苦挣扎。他们问问题，与其他聪明人聊天，喝酒或晚餐，长途跋涉。然后再写很多。不必担心您写的内容不是很好，也不立即可用。当你写作时，你会得到想法；你不只是写下想法。
那些几十年后仍然有人读的文章和书籍都是坐在书桌前辛勤思考，强迫自己把深刻的思想转变成文字的作者写出来的；然后，他们会再让这些文字引导自己迸发出更多的灵感。如果你给自己足够的时间，写作就会像魔术一样，在遥远时空的另外一个人的脑海中生动地把此时此刻存在自己脑海中的想法刻画出来。
5、写出来比说出来更有意义
5. Everyone’s unwritten work is brilliant. And the more unwritten it is, the more brilliant it is. We have all met those glib, intimidating graduate students or faculty members. They are at their most dangerous holding a beer in one hand and a cigarette in the other, in some bar or at an office party. They have all the answers. They can tell you just what they will write about, and how great it will be.
Years pass, and they still have the same pat, 200-word answer to “What are you working on?” It never changes, because they are not actually working on anything, except that one little act.
You, on the other hand, actually are working on something, and it keeps evolving. You don’t like the section you just finished, and you are not sure what will happen next. When someone asks, “What are you working on?” you stumble, because it is hard to explain. The smug guy with the beer and the cigarette? He’s a poseur and never actually writes anything. So he can practice his pat little answer endlessly, through hundreds of beers and thousands of cigarettes. Don’t be fooled: You are the winner here. When you are actually writing, and working as hard as you should be if you want to succeed, you will feel inadequate, stupid, and tired. If you don’t feel like that, then you aren’t working hard enough.
5. 每个人的不成文作品都很出色。而且越是不成文，就越辉煌。我们都遇见过那些口若悬河、咄咄逼人的研究生或者老师。他们最危险的是，一只手拿着啤酒，另一只手拿着烟，在一些酒吧或办公室聚会中。他们有所有答案。他们可以告诉您他们将要写些什么，以及它将会多么出色。
数年过去了，他们对“你在做什么？”的回答仍然是相同的，只有200个单词。它永远不会改变，因为除了一个小动作，他们实际上并没有做任何事情。
另一方面，您实际上正在做某事，并且还在不断发展。您不喜欢刚刚完成的部分，并且不确定接下来会发生什么。当有人问“您在做什么吗？”时，您会迷迷糊糊，因为很难解释。啤酒和香烟的自鸣得意的家伙？他是位姿势，从不写任何东西。因此，他可以通过数以百计的啤酒和成千上万的香烟无休止地练习拍拍的小答案。不要上当：您是这里的赢家。当您实际写作时，如果想成功就努力工作，就会感到不足，愚蠢和疲倦。如果您不喜欢这种方式，那么您就没有足够的努力。
6、引人入胜的谜题更具吸引力
6. Pick a puzzle. Portray, or even conceive, of your work as an answer to a puzzle. There are many interesting types of puzzles:
·“X and Y start with same assumptions but reach opposing conclusions. How?”
·“Here are three problems that all seem different. Surprisingly, all are the same problem, in disguise. I’ll tell you why.”
·“Theory predicts [something]. But we observe [something else]. Is the theory wrong, or is there some other factor we have left out?”
Don’t stick too closely to those formulas, but they are helpful in presenting your work to an audience, whether that audience is composed of listeners at a lecture or readers of an article.
6. 选择一个谜题。将您的作品描绘，甚至构想为谜题的答案。有许多有趣的谜题类型：
·“ X和Y从相同的假设开始，但得出相反的结论。如何？”
·“这是三个似乎都不同的问题。令人惊讶的是，所有这些都是变相的同一个问题。我告诉你为什么。”
·“理论预言了[某事]。但是我们观察到了[其他]。这个理论是错误的，还是我们还有其他一些遗漏因素？”
别太拘泥于这些公式，但是无论这些听众是由演讲者还是文章的读者组成，它们都有助于向观众展示您的作品。
7、写作是第一位的
7. Write, then squeeze the other things in. Put your writing ahead of your other work. I happen to be a “morning person,” so I write early in the day. Then I spend the rest of my day teaching, having meetings, or doing paperwork. You may be a “night person” or something in between. Just make sure you get in the habit of reserving your most productive time for writing. Don’t do it as an afterthought or tell yourself you will write when you get a big block of time. Squeeze the other things in; the writing comes first.
7. 写下来，然后再把其他事情塞进去。把你的写作放在其他工作之前。我碰巧是一个“早起的人”，所以我在清晨写作。然后我把剩下的时间花在教学、开会或做文书工作上。你可能是个“夜猫子”，或者介于两者之间。只是要确保你养成了把最有效率的时间留给写作的习惯。不要事后才写，也不要告诉自己有大把的时间你才会写。把其他的东西塞进去；写作是第一位的。
8、不要要求每个点子都很深刻
8. Not all of your thoughts are profound. Many people get frustrated because they can’t get an analytical purchase on the big questions that interest them. Then they don’t write at all. So start small. The wonderful thing is that you may find that you have traveled quite a long way up a mountain, just by keeping your head down and putting one writing foot ahead of the other for a long time. It is hard to refine your questions, define your terms precisely, or know just how your argument will work until you have actually written it all down.
8. 不是你所有的想法都是深刻的。许多人感到沮丧，因为他们不能在他们感兴趣的大问题上得到有力的阐述。然后他们就不写了。所以从小事做起。美妙的事情是，你可能会发现，你已经走了相当长的一段路上山，只要保持你的头，把一只脚放在另一只脚之前很长一段时间。在你把所有的问题都写下来之前，很难提炼出你的问题，精确地定义你的术语，或者知道你的论点逻辑性。
9、实践中学习
9. Your most profound thoughts are often wrong. Or, at least, they are not completely correct. Precision in asking your question, or posing your puzzle, will not come easily if the question is hard.
I always laugh to myself when new graduate students think they know what they want to work on and what they will write about for their dissertations. Nearly all of the best scholars are profoundly changed by their experiences in doing research and writing about it. They learn by doing, and sometimes what they learn is that they were wrong.
9. 你最深刻的思想往往是错误的。或者，至少，它们不是完全正确的。如果问题很难，要准确地提出你的问题或提出你的难题就不容易了。
当刚毕业的学生认为他们知道他们想做什么，他们的论文要写什么时，我总是对自己笑。几乎所有最优秀的学者都因他们的研究和写作经历而发生了深刻的变化。他们从实践中学习，有时犯错才是收获。
10、好文章是改出来的
10. Edit your work, over and over. Have other people look at it. One of the great advantages of academe is that we are mostly all in this together, and we all know the terrors of that blinking cursor on a blank background. Exchange papers with peers or a mentor, and when you are sick of your own writing, reciprocate by reading their work. You need to get over a fear of criticism or rejection. Nobody’s first drafts are good. The difference between a successful scholar and a failure need not be better writing. It is often more editing.
10. 一遍又一遍地编辑你的作品。让其他人看看。学术界的一大优势在于，我们几乎都是置身其中的，我们都知道在空白背景上闪烁的光标有多可怕。与同行或导师交换论文，当你厌倦了自己的写作时，阅读他们的作品作为回报。你需要克服对批评或拒绝的恐惧。没有人的初稿是好的。一个成功的学者和一个失败的学者之间的区别并不一定在于写作的好坏。它通常需要更多的编辑。
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