正确使用containerd的步骤顺序

1.下载nerdctl工具软件，要full版本的

wget https://github.com/containerd/nerdctl/releases/download/v0.21.0/nerdctl-full-0.21.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz

2.解压缩到指定路径

# tar -zxvf nerdctl-full-0.21.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz -C /usr/local
# ll /usr/local/lib/systemd/system/*.service
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1331 6月  19 00:17 /usr/local/lib/systemd/system/buildkit.service
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1270 6月  19 00:11 /usr/local/lib/systemd/system/containerd.service
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  312 6月  19 00:17 /usr/local/lib/systemd/system/stargz-snapshotter.service
# cp /usr/local/lib/systemd/system/*.service /etc/systemd/system/
# systemctl daemon-reload

3.安装网络插件CNI

wget https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases/download/v1.1.1/cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v1.1.1.tgz
mkdir -p /opt/cni/bin/ # 这个路径要跟containerd配置文件中的 bin_dir = "/opt/cni/bin" 保持一致
tar -zxvf cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v1.1.1.tgz -C /opt/cni/bin/

默认插件网络文件路径是：conf_dir = "/etc/cni/net.d"
但是这个路径下没有文件，当使用nerdctl启动一个容器的时候，就会自动生成一个nerdctl-bridge.conflist文件，内容是：

# cat nerdctl-bridge.conflist 
{
  "cniVersion": "1.0.0",
  "name": "bridge",
  "nerdctlID": 0,
  "nerdctlLabels": {},
  "plugins": [
    {
      "type": "bridge",
      "bridge": "nerdctl0",
      "isGateway": true,
      "ipMasq": true,
      "hairpinMode": true,
      "ipam": {
        "ranges": [
          [
            {
              "gateway": "10.4.0.1",
              "subnet": "10.4.0.0/24"
            }
          ]
        ],
        "routes": [
          {
            "dst": "0.0.0.0/0"
          }
        ],
        "type": "host-local"
      }
    },
    {
      "type": "portmap",
      "capabilities": {
        "portMappings": true
      }
    },
    {
      "type": "firewall",
      "ingressPolicy": "same-bridge"
    },
    {
      "type": "tuning"
    }
  ]
}

同时查看网卡，会多出来一个nerdctl0,这个就是容器网络使用的网关：

# ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens32: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:4f:48:21 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.20.202/24 brd 192.168.20.255 scope global noprefixroute ens32
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::9b37:d439:e478:a189/64 scope link tentative noprefixroute dadfailed 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::45cc:6455:6bb0:4d86/64 scope link tentative noprefixroute dadfailed 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::eff4:d67d:257f:ead/64 scope link noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: nerdctl0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 1e:b9:dc:b3:6d:d5 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 10.4.0.1/24 brd 10.4.0.255 scope global nerdctl0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::1cb9:dcff:feb3:6dd5/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4: vethe3b22ddf@if2: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue master nerdctl0 state UP group default 
    link/ether de:87:93:de:3e:8c brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netnsid 0
    inet6 fe80::dc87:93ff:fede:3e8c/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

4.nerdctl命令补全

# yum install -y epel-release bash-completion
# source /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion
# source <(nerdctl completion bash)
# echo "source <(nerdctl completion bash)" >> ~/.bashrc
# source ~/.bashrc
# nerdctl r
rename   (rename a container)
restart  (Restart one or more running containers)
rmi      (Remove one or more images)
rm       (Remove one or more containers)
run      (Run a command in a new container. Optionally specify "ipfs://" or "ipns://" scheme to pull image from IPFS.)

5.启动 containerd 、 buildkitd 和 stargz-snapshotter服务

# 启动 containerd &&  验证服务状态
systemctl enable --now containerd && systemctl restart containerd && systemctl status containerd

# 启用 BuildKit 为了构建 Dockerfile，您需要使用以下命令启用 BuildKit。 
systemctl enable --now buildkit && systemctl restart buildkit && systemctl status buildkit

# 懒加载镜像
systemctl enable --now stargz-snapshotter && systemctl restart stargz-snapshotter && systemctl status stargz-snapshotter

6.查看nerdctl工具执行结果及其版本，至此安装完毕

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl --version
nerdctl version 0.21.0

[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl version
Client:
 Version:       v0.21.0
 OS/Arch:       linux/amd64
 Git commit:    9ddf5226eabcbb7b4b43987f3b0f8d53d86d3bca

Server:
 containerd:
  Version:      v1.6.6  =>这个指的是containerd版本
  GitCommit:    10c12954828e7c7c9b6e0ea9b0c02b01407d3ae1

7.配置containerd

参考配置文件内容如下：

# mkdir -p /etc/containerd && cd /etc/containerd
# cat config.toml
disabled_plugins = []
imports = []
oom_score = 0
plugin_dir = ""
required_plugins = []
root = "/var/lib/containerd"
state = "/run/containerd"
temp = ""
version = 2

[cgroup]
  path = ""

[debug]
  address = ""
  format = ""
  gid = 0
  level = ""
  uid = 0

[grpc]
  address = "/run/containerd/containerd.sock"
  gid = 0
  max_recv_message_size = 16777216
  max_send_message_size = 16777216
  tcp_address = ""
  tcp_tls_ca = ""
  tcp_tls_cert = ""
  tcp_tls_key = ""
  uid = 0

[metrics]
  address = ""
  grpc_histogram = false

[plugins]

  [plugins."io.containerd.gc.v1.scheduler"]
    deletion_threshold = 0
    mutation_threshold = 100
    pause_threshold = 0.02
    schedule_delay = "0s"
    startup_delay = "100ms"

  [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri"]
    device_ownership_from_security_context = false
    disable_apparmor = false
    disable_cgroup = false
    disable_hugetlb_controller = true
    disable_proc_mount = false
    disable_tcp_service = true
    enable_selinux = false
    enable_tls_streaming = false
    enable_unprivileged_icmp = false
    enable_unprivileged_ports = false
    ignore_image_defined_volumes = false
    max_concurrent_downloads = 3
    max_container_log_line_size = 16384
    netns_mounts_under_state_dir = false
    restrict_oom_score_adj = false
    sandbox_image = "registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/pause:3.6"
    selinux_category_range = 1024
    stats_collect_period = 10
    stream_idle_timeout = "4h0m0s"
    stream_server_address = "127.0.0.1"
    stream_server_port = "0"
    systemd_cgroup = false
    tolerate_missing_hugetlb_controller = true
    unset_seccomp_profile = ""

    [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".cni]
      bin_dir = "/opt/cni/bin"
      conf_dir = "/etc/cni/net.d"
      conf_template = ""
      ip_pref = ""
      max_conf_num = 1

    [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd]
      default_runtime_name = "runc"
      disable_snapshot_annotations = false
      discard_unpacked_layers = false
      ignore_rdt_not_enabled_errors = false
      no_pivot = false
      snapshotter = "stargz"

      [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.default_runtime]
        base_runtime_spec = ""
        cni_conf_dir = ""
        cni_max_conf_num = 0
        container_annotations = []
        pod_annotations = []
        privileged_without_host_devices = false
        runtime_engine = ""
        runtime_path = ""
        runtime_root = ""
        runtime_type = ""

        [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.default_runtime.options]

      [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes]

        [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.runc]
          base_runtime_spec = ""
          cni_conf_dir = ""
          cni_max_conf_num = 0
          container_annotations = []
          pod_annotations = []
          privileged_without_host_devices = false
          runtime_engine = ""
          runtime_path = ""
          runtime_root = ""
          runtime_type = "io.containerd.runc.v2"

          [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.runc.options]
            BinaryName = ""
            CriuImagePath = ""
            CriuPath = ""
            CriuWorkPath = ""
            IoGid = 0
            IoUid = 0
            NoNewKeyring = false
            NoPivotRoot = false
            Root = ""
            ShimCgroup = ""
            SystemdCgroup = false

      [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.untrusted_workload_runtime]
        base_runtime_spec = ""
        cni_conf_dir = ""
        cni_max_conf_num = 0
        container_annotations = []
        pod_annotations = []
        privileged_without_host_devices = false
        runtime_engine = ""
        runtime_path = ""
        runtime_root = ""
        runtime_type = ""

        [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.untrusted_workload_runtime.options]

    [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".image_decryption]
      key_model = "node"

    [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry]
      config_path = ""

      [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.auths]

      [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.configs]

      [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.headers]

      [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors]
        [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors."docker.io"]
            endpoint = ["https://docker.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn","http://hub-mirror.c.163.com"]
        [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors."gcr.io"]
            endpoint = ["https://gcr.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn"]
        [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors."k8s.gcr.io"]
            endpoint = ["https://gcr.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/google-containers/"]
        [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors."quay.io"]
            endpoint = ["https://quay.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn"]

    [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".x509_key_pair_streaming]
      tls_cert_file = ""
      tls_key_file = ""

  [plugins."io.containerd.internal.v1.opt"]
    path = "/opt/containerd"

  [plugins."io.containerd.internal.v1.restart"]
    interval = "10s"

  [plugins."io.containerd.internal.v1.tracing"]
    sampling_ratio = 1.0
    service_name = "containerd"

  [plugins."io.containerd.metadata.v1.bolt"]
    content_sharing_policy = "shared"

  [plugins."io.containerd.monitor.v1.cgroups"]
    no_prometheus = false

  [plugins."io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux"]
    no_shim = false
    runtime = "runc"
    runtime_root = ""
    shim = "containerd-shim"
    shim_debug = false

  [plugins."io.containerd.runtime.v2.task"]
    platforms = ["linux/amd64"]
    sched_core = false

  [plugins."io.containerd.service.v1.diff-service"]
    default = ["walking"]

  [plugins."io.containerd.service.v1.tasks-service"]
    rdt_config_file = ""

  [plugins."io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.aufs"]
    root_path = ""

  [plugins."io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.btrfs"]
    root_path = ""

  [plugins."io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.devmapper"]
    async_remove = false
    base_image_size = ""
    discard_blocks = false
    fs_options = ""
    fs_type = ""
    pool_name = ""
    root_path = ""

  [plugins."io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.native"]
    root_path = ""

  [plugins."io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.overlayfs"]
    root_path = ""
    upperdir_label = false

  [plugins."io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.zfs"]
    root_path = ""

  [plugins."io.containerd.tracing.processor.v1.otlp"]
    endpoint = ""
    insecure = false
    protocol = ""

[proxy_plugins]
  [proxy_plugins.stargz]
    type = "snapshot"
    address = "/run/containerd-stargz-grpc/containerd-stargz-grpc.sock"

[stream_processors]

  [stream_processors."io.containerd.ocicrypt.decoder.v1.tar"]
    accepts = ["application/vnd.oci.image.layer.v1.tar+encrypted"]
    args = ["--decryption-keys-path", "/etc/containerd/ocicrypt/keys"]
    env = ["OCICRYPT_KEYPROVIDER_CONFIG=/etc/containerd/ocicrypt/ocicrypt_keyprovider.conf"]
    path = "ctd-decoder"
    returns = "application/vnd.oci.image.layer.v1.tar"

  [stream_processors."io.containerd.ocicrypt.decoder.v1.tar.gzip"]
    accepts = ["application/vnd.oci.image.layer.v1.tar+gzip+encrypted"]
    args = ["--decryption-keys-path", "/etc/containerd/ocicrypt/keys"]
    env = ["OCICRYPT_KEYPROVIDER_CONFIG=/etc/containerd/ocicrypt/ocicrypt_keyprovider.conf"]
    path = "ctd-decoder"
    returns = "application/vnd.oci.image.layer.v1.tar+gzip"

[timeouts]
  "io.containerd.timeout.bolt.open" = "0s"
  "io.containerd.timeout.shim.cleanup" = "5s"
  "io.containerd.timeout.shim.load" = "5s"
  "io.containerd.timeout.shim.shutdown" = "3s"
  "io.containerd.timeout.task.state" = "2s"

[ttrpc]
  address = ""
  gid = 0
  uid = 0

8.添加harbor私有仓库

# mkdir -p /etc/containerd/certs.d/www.myharbor.com
# cp ca.cert /etc/nerdctl/certs.d/www.myharbor.com
# systemctl restart containerd
# echo "192.168.20.250  www.myharbor.com" >> /etc/hosts
# nerdctl login -u test -p Test123456 www.myharbor.com
# nerdctl pull www.myharbor.com/mytest/busybox:v0.3
# nerdctl image ls

9.使用Dockerfile文件构建镜像

# mkdir test && cd test
# vim Dockerfile
FROM jeanblanchard/alpine-glibc:latest
MAINTAINER sandu <1103324414@qq.com>
RUN echo "https://mirrors.aliyun.com/alpine/latest-stable/main/" > /etc/apk/repositories
RUN echo "https://mirrors.aliyun.com/alpine/latest-stable/community/" >> /etc/apk/repositories
RUN ["apk","update"]
RUN ["apk","add","curl"]
RUN ["apk","add","openjdk8-jre"]

# nerdctl build -t alpine-glibc:20220629 .

10.日常操作

• 镜像操作

# 拉取
nerdctl pull www.myharbor.com/mytest/busybox:v0.3
nerdctl -n k8s.io pull www.myharbor.com/mytest/busybox:v0.3

# 查看
nerdctl -n default image ls
nerdctl -n k8s.io image ls
nerdctl -n default inspect www.myharbor.com/mytest/busybox:v0.3

# 删除
nerdctl -n default rmi www.myharbor.com/mytest/busybox:v0.3  => 命令空间k8s.io中的仍在

# 重新tag镜像
nerdctl tag alpine-glibc:20220629 www.myharbor.com/mytest/alpine-glibc:20220629

# 推送镜像到harbor仓库
nerdctl push www.myharbor.com/mytest/alpine-glibc:20220629

• 容器操作

# 创建运行容器
nerdctl -n default run -d --name nginx -p 80:80 nginx:alpine
nerdctl -n k8s.io run -d --privileged --restart=always --name rancher -p 80:80 -p 443:443 docker.io/cnrancher/rancher:v2.4.17-ent

# 查看容器
nerdctl -n k8s.io ps -a
nerdctl -n k8s.io inpsect rancher

# 进入容器内部
nerdctl -n k8s.io exec rancher -- sh

# 停止容器
nerdctl -n k8s.io stop rancher

# 删除容器
nerdctl -n k8s.io rm rancher